The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol In computing and telecommunications, a protocol or communications protocol is a formal description of message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages. Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities. In its simplest form, a protocol can be defined as the rules governing the syntax, used for communicating data across a packet-switched Packet switching is a digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data – regardless of content, type, or structure – into suitably-sized blocks, called packets. Packet switching features delivery of variable-bit-rate data streams over a shared network. When traversing network adapters, switches, routers and other internetwork Internetworking is the practice of connecting a computer network with other networks through the use of gateways that provide a common method of routing information packets between the networks. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork, or simply an internet using the Internet Protocol Suite The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking, also referred to as TCP/IP.

IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer The Internet Layer is a group of internetworking methods in the TCP/IP protocol suite which is the foundation of the Internet . It is the group of methods, protocols, and specifications which are used to transport datagrams (packets) from the originating host across network boundaries, if necessary, to the destination host specified by a network of the Internet Protocol Suite The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking and has the task of delivering distinguished protocol datagrams A datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network in which the delivery, arrival time and order are not guaranteed. A datagram consists of header and data areas, where the header contains information sufficient for routing from the originating equipment to the destination without relying on prior exchanges between the (packets) from the source host to the destination host solely based on their addresses. For this purpose the Internet Protocol defines addressing methods and structures for datagram encapsulation In computer networking, encapsulation is a method of designing modular communication protocols in which logically separate functions in the network are abstracted from their underlying structures by inclusion or information hiding within higher level objects. The first major version of addressing structure, now referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth revision in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. Together with IPv6, it is at the core of standards-based internetworking methods of the Internet. IPv4 is still by far the most widely deployed Internet Layer protocol. As of 2010[ is still the dominant protocol of the Internet, although the successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Internet Protocol version 6 is an Internet Protocol version which is designed to succeed IPv4, the first implementation which is still in dominant use currently[update]. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 is being deployed actively worldwide.

Contents

Services provided by IP

The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and routing datagrams (packets In information technology, a packet is a formatted unit of data carried by a packet mode computer network. Computer communications links that do not support packets, such as traditional point-to-point telecommunications links, simply transmit data as a series of bytes, characters, or bits alone. When data is formatted into packets, the bitrate of) from a source host to the destination host across one or more IP networks. For this purpose the Internet Protocol defines an addressing system that has two functions. Addresses identify hosts and provide a logical location service. Each packet is tagged with a header that contains the meta-data for the purpose of delivery. This process of tagging is also called encapsulation.

IP is a connectionless protocol and does not need circuit A telecommunication circuit is any line, conductor, or other conduit by which information is transmitted setup prior to transmission.

Reliability

The design principles of the Internet protocols assume that the network infrastructure is inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and that it is dynamic in terms of availability of links and nodes. No central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or maintains the state of the network. For the benefit of reducing network complexity, the intelligence in the network is purposely mostly located in the end nodes of each data transmission, cf. end-to-end principle The end-to-end principle is one of the central design principles of the Internet and is implemented in the design of the underlying methods and protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite. It is also used in other distributed systems. The principle states that, whenever possible, communications protocol operations should be defined to occur at the. Routers A router is a device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where in the transmission path simply forward packets to next known local gateway matching the routing prefix for the destination address.

As a consequence of this design, the Internet Protocol only provides best effort delivery Best effort delivery describes a network service in which the network does not provide any guarantees that data is delivered or that a user is given a guaranteed quality of service level or a certain priority. In a best effort network all users obtain best effort service, meaning that they obtain unspecified variable bit rate and delivery time, and its service can also be characterized as unreliable. In network architectural language it is a connection-less protocol, in contrast to so-called connection-oriented In telecommunications, CO-mode or connection-oriented communication is a data communication mode in which the devices at the end points use a protocol to establish an end-to-end logical or physical connection before any data may be sent. In case of digital transmission, in-order delivery of a bit stream or byte stream is provided. Connection- modes of transmission. The lack of reliability allows any of the following fault events to occur:

The only assistance that the Internet Protocol provides in Version 4 (IPv4) is to ensure that the IP packet header is error-free through computation of a checksum A checksum or hash sum is a fixed-size datum computed from an arbitrary block of digital data for the purpose of detecting accidental errors that may have been introduced during its transmission or storage. The integrity of the data can be checked at any later time by recomputing the checksum and comparing it with the stored one. If the checksums at the routing nodes. This has the side-effect of discarding packets with bad headers on the spot. In this case no notification is required to be sent to either end node, although a facility exists in the Internet Control Message Protocol The Internet Control Message Protocol is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is chiefly used by networked computers' operating systems to send error messages—indicating, for instance, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached (ICMP) to do so.

IPv6, on the other hand, has abandoned the use of IP header checksums for the benefit of rapid forwarding through routing elements in the network.

The resolution or correction of any of these reliability issues is the responsibility of an upper layer protocol. For example, to ensure in-order delivery the upper layer may have to cache data until it can be passed to the application.

In addition to issues of reliability, this dynamic nature and the diversity of the Internet and its components provide no guarantee that any particular path is actually capable of, or suitable for performing the data transmission requested, even if the path is available and reliable. One of the technical constraints is the size of data packets allowed on a given link. An application must assure that it uses proper transmission characteristics. Some of this responsibility lies also in the upper layer protocols between application and IP. Facilities exist to examine the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the local link, as well as for the entire projected path to the destination when using IPv6. The IPv4 internetworking layer has the capability to automatically fragment The Internet Protocol implements datagram fragmentation, so that packets may be formed that can pass through a link with a smaller maximum transmission unit (MTU) than the original datagram size the original datagram into smaller units for transmission. In this case, IP does provide re-ordering of fragments delivered out-of-order.[1]

Transmission Control Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is one of the two original components of the suite (the other being Internet Protocol, or IP), so the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. Whereas IP handles lower-level transmissions from computer to computer as a message makes its way (TCP) is an example of a protocol that will adjust its segment size to be smaller than the MTU. User Datagram Protocol The User Datagram Protocol is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission (UDP) and Internet Control Message Protocol The Internet Control Message Protocol is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. It is chiefly used by networked computers' operating systems to send error messages—indicating, for instance, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached (ICMP) disregard MTU size thereby forcing IP to fragment oversized datagrams.[2]

IP addressing and routing

Perhaps the most complex aspects of IP are IP addressing An Internet Protocol address is a numerical label that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network, that uses the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A and routing Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the telephone network (Circuit switching) , electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation networks. This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks. Addressing refers to how end hosts become assigned IP addresses and how subnetworks of IP host addresses are divided and grouped together. IP routing is performed by all hosts, but most importantly by internetwork routers, which typically use either interior gateway protocols (IGPs) or external gateway protocols (EGPs) to help make IP datagram forwarding decisions across IP connected networks.

Version history

In May 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE is an international non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to electricity. It has the most members of any technical professional organization in the world, with more than 395,000 members in around 150 countries (IEEE) published a paper entitled "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection."[3] The paper's authors, Vint Cerf In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s, Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first and Bob Kahn Robert Elliot Kahn is an engineer and computer scientist who, along with Vinton G. Cerf, invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), the technologies used to transmit information on the Internet, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet-switching among the nodes. A central control component of this model was the "Transmission Control Program" (TCP) that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is one of the two original components of the suite (the other being Internet Protocol, or IP), so the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. Whereas IP handles lower-level transmissions from computer to computer as a message makes its way at the connection-oriented layer and the Internet Protocol at the internetworking (datagram) layer. The model became known informally as TCP/IP, although formally it was henceforth referenced as the Internet Protocol Suite The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and other similar networks. It is named from two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard. Today's IP networking.

The Internet Protocol is one of the determining elements that define the Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by a broad array of electronic and. The dominant internetworking protocol in the Internet Layer The Internet Layer is a group of internetworking methods in the TCP/IP protocol suite which is the foundation of the Internet . It is the group of methods, protocols, and specifications which are used to transport datagrams (packets) from the originating host across network boundaries, if necessary, to the destination host specified by a network in use today is IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 is the fourth revision in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) and it is the first version of the protocol to be widely deployed. Together with IPv6, it is at the core of standards-based internetworking methods of the Internet. IPv4 is still by far the most widely deployed Internet Layer protocol. As of 2010[; with number 4 assigned as the formal protocol version number carried in every IP datagram. IPv4 is described in RFC 791 (1981 1981 was a common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Gregorian calendar)).

The successor to IPv4 is IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 is an Internet Protocol version which is designed to succeed IPv4, the first implementation which is still in dominant use currently[update]. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6. Its most prominent modification from Version 4 is the addressing system. IPv4 uses 32-bit In computer architecture, 32-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are at most 32 bits wide. Also, 32-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size. 32-bit is also a term given to a generation of computers in which 32-bit processors were the norm addresses (c. 4 billion 1,000,000,000 is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001, or 4.3×109, addresses) while IPv6 uses 128-bit In computer architecture, 128-bit integers, memory addresses, or other data units are those that are at most 128 bits 16 octets wide. Also, 128-bit CPU and ALU architectures are those that are based on registers, address buses, or data buses of that size addresses (c. 340 undecillion The following table lists those names of large numbers which are found in many English dictionaries and thus have a special claim to being "real words". The "Traditional British" values shown are unused in American English and are obsolete[citation needed] in British English, but are dominant in many non-English-speaking areas,, or 3.4×1038 addresses). Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow, as of June 2008 2008 was a leap year that started on a Tuesday. In the Gregorian calendar, it was the 2008th year of the Common Era or of Anno Domini; the 8th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 9th of the 2000s, all United States government The federal government of the United States is the central government entity established by the United States Constitution, which shares sovereignty over the United States of America with the governments of the individual U.S. states. For official purposes in U.S. courts, the government is sued as the United States of America, and is referred to systems have demonstrated basic infrastructure support for IPv6 (if only at the backbone level).[4]

Version numbers 0 through 3 were development versions of IPv4 used between 1977 1977 was a common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1977 Gregorian calendar) and 1979 1979 was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1979 Gregorian calendar). It was the last year of the 1970s.[citation needed] Version number 5 was used by the Internet Stream Protocol The Internet Stream Protocol is an experimental protocol defined in Internet Engineering Note IEN-119 (1979), which was later revised in RFC 1190 (ST2) and RFC 1819 (ST2+). ST packets carried the experimental non-IP real-time stream protocol (IST), an experimental stream protocol. Version numbers 6 through 9 were proposed for various protocol models designed to replace IPv4: SIPP (Simple Internet Protocol Plus, known now as IPv6), TP/IX (RFC 1475), PIP (RFC 1621) and TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses, RFC 1347). Version number 6 was eventually chosen as the official assignment for the successor Internet protocol, subsequently standardized as IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 is an Internet Protocol version which is designed to succeed IPv4, the first implementation which is still in dominant use currently[update]. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6.

A humorous Request for Comments In computer network engineering, a Request for Comments is a memorandum published by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) describing methods, behaviors, research, or innovations applicable to the working of the Internet and Internet-connected systems that made an IPv9 protocol center of its storyline was published on April 1, 1994 by the IETF The Internet Engineering Task Force develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standards bodies and dealing in particular with standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite. It is an open standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. All participants and managers are.[5] It was intended as an April Fool's Day April Fools' Day or All Fools' Day is a day celebrated in many countries on April 1. The day is marked by the commission of hoaxes and other practical jokes of varying sophistication on friends, family members, enemies, and neighbors, or sending them on a fool's errand, the aim of which is to embarrass the gullible. Traditionally, in some joke. Other protocol proposals named "IPv9" and "IPv8" have also briefly surfaced, though these came with little or no support from the wider industry and academia.[6]

Reference diagrams

Internet Protocol Suite in operation between two hosts connected via two routers A router is a device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where and the corresponding layers used at each hop Sample encapsulation of application data from UDP The User Datagram Protocol is one of the core members of the Internet Protocol Suite, the set of network protocols used for the Internet. With UDP, computer applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an Internet Protocol (IP) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission to a Link protocol frame

See also

Main lists: List of basic internet topics and List of Internet topics

References

  1. ^ Siyan, Karanjit. Inside TCP/IP, New Riders Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-56205-714-6
  2. ^ Basic Journey of a Packet
  3. ^ Vinton G. Cerf, Robert E. Kahn, "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication", IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 22, No. 5, May 1974 pp. 637-648
  4. ^ CIO council adds to IPv6 transition primer, gcn.com
  5. ^ RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9. April 1, 1994.
  6. ^ Theregister.com

External links

Look up internet protocol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Categories: Internet Protocol | Internet Layer protocols

 

The above information uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
Some facts may not have been fully verified for accuracy. [Disclaimers]
This page was last archived by our server on Sat Jul 31 15:34:45 2010. [ refresh local cache ]
Displaying this page or its contents does not use any Wikimedia Foundation's resources.
The owners of this site proudly support the Wikimedia Foundation.

[Hide]▼
'Internet Protocol' News
VoIP basics: How to make free phone calls via the Internet - Los Angeles Times
latimes.com
VoIP basics: How to make free phone calls via the Internet - Los Angeles Times
Sun, 11 Jul 2010 07:00:32 GMT+00:00
Los Angeles Times This is a beginner's guide to making phone calls on your computer using Voice over Internet Protocol . Voice over Internet converts the sound of your voice ...
Google News Search: Internet Protocol,
Mon Jul 26 22:01:36 2010
'Internet Protocol' Images
000343862 png
html.rincondelvago.com
000343862 png
594px x 530px | 9.60kB

[source page]

manera que cada capa cree que se esta comunicando con la capa asociada en la otra computadora cuando realmente cada capa se comunica solo con las capas adyacentes de la misma computadora Con esta ultima figura se puede apreciar que a excepcion de la capa mas baja del modelo OSI ninguna capa puede pasar informacion directamente a su contraparte en la otra computadora La

Yahoo Images Search: Internet Protocol,
Mon Jul 26 22:02:59 2010
'Internet Protocol' Blogs
Setting Up Skype at Home Global Communication
intecom.org
Setting Up Skype at Home Global Communication

Admin

Mon, 26 Jul 2010 13:59:12 GM

As Skype uses a system called VoIP (Voice over . Internet Protocol. ) that allows an inexpensive and convenient method for transmission over the Internet. This saves money for business communications,​ and Skype, it can be offered free as a ...

Google Blogs Search: Internet Protocol,
Mon Jul 26 22:26:37 2010
'Internet Protocol' Answers
if i hav an idea about adding a new protocol to internet is it possible?
Q. i just want to know, is there is any possibility to add new protocols to internet. if yes how can we do that.
Asked by udai - Sat Jan 9 10:15:40 2010 - - 2 Answers - 0 Comments

A. Programmers create new protocols almost hourly to do whatever they need. If you are asking if you can promote it to the level at which other people would want to use it, that's an entirely different story.
Answered by Sean G - Sat Jan 9 10:19:35 2010

Yahoo Answers Search: Internet Protocol,
Mon Jul 26 22:27:06 2010
[Hide]▲